2022 ANNUAL REPORT

It’s a Mess! And That’s the Way I Like It Most labs worldwide are working to deliberately build such components, making them neater, cleaner and also studier at higher temperatures. Prof. Frydman is doing it the other way around. As a rule, he explains, some impurities are bound to enter these sensitive systems; hence, two systems will never be the same. Developing a quantum computer requires many similar components, and herein lies the problem: “In my lab, we deliberately induce disorder in the superconductor reducing the size of the system as much as we can and intentionally disrupting its perfect crystal periodicity.” To understand the logic behind his idea, Prof. Frydman suggests imagining the effort needed to organize many items in ten rooms so that the rooms will look alike. Meticulously placing the bed, the vase and books in the same order on the shelves, and so on. “However,” he says, “get those ten rooms messy enough, and they eventually all look the same. Going back to physics, statistically, we see that two spontaneous disordered superconductors are almost identical in their physical traits.” One trait that is fundamental for quantum technology is entanglement. “That is, for example, when two photons, two light particles, which started out together and have grown apart to the point that they are now located so far from each other that physically they cannot communicate, can do the physically impossible and transmit information to each other— as long as they continue to behave as one quantum body. Entangled with each other, this pair of particles can transmit information, apparently faster than the speed of light and in ways considerably more sophisticated than those known today.” Prof. Frydman emphasizes that for the technology, it is not the speed they want to benefit from but the correlation itself, the ability to impact one particle by changing something in the other. Aiming to use the inherent disorder for our benefit, Prof. Frydman is working on the interactions between electric traits and low-dimension geometry. “It is easier to induce inherent disorder to a system, which spontaneously breaks into ten entangled parts that communicate with each other than to build the same ten qubit systems so the qubits will be at the right place, in the right order and maintain their entanglement. I have created an elementary method to gain several similar components with correlated particles, from which we want to build memory cells and other quantum computer components.” 28

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